Number

The student is asked to enter a number (integer, decimal, or scientific notation). The answer is compared to a given tolerance. Can also accept DNE, oo (Infinity), and -oo (Negative Infinity) as answers.

Required Variables

$answer = a number or calculation resulting in a number, like $answer = 5

Defines the answer. Define multiple acceptable answers in a string separated by or: $answer = "3 or 5 or 7". Alternatively, you can provide an interval notation range of acceptable answers, like $answer = "(2,5]". Providing a range will override any tolerances set. If $answerformat is set for list answers, then this should provide a list of correct answers, like $answer = "1,2,3".

Optional Variables

$reltolerance = a decimal value

Defines the largest relative error that will be accepted. If this is not set, a relative error of .001 (.1%) is used by default.

$abstolerance = a number

Defines the largest absolute error that will be accepted. This will override the use of $reltolerance

$reqdecimals = a number

Defines the minimum decimal accuracy required (ie 2 for two decimal places). This will put a message in the answer tips stating the decimals required. If neither $abstolerance or $reltolerance is set, this will set the tolerance, otherwise the provided tolerance will be used (even if it doesn't agree with the $reqdecimal setting).

$reqdecimals = "=2" can be used to require exactly 2 decimal places in the answer, regardless of how the value rounds (so 3.5 would get marked wrong when the answer is 3.50 if "=2" is used). If you use the "=2" form, it will also round your $answer if needed for the $showanswer.
When the "=2" form is used, it overrides both $reltolerance and $abstolerance, and by default tests that the student answer exactly matches the correct answer ($abstolerance=0). To override the tolerance use +- in the setting, like this:
$reqdecimals = "=2+-.01" checks for exactly 2 decimals, but allows the answer to have an absolute error of .01
$reqdecimals = "=2+-1%" checks for exactly 2 decimals, but allows the answer to have an relative error of 1% (equivalent to $reltolerance = .01)

$reqsigfigs = a number

Defines the significant figure accuracy required. Use $reqsigfigs = 2 for at least 2 sig fig accuracy, or $reqsigfigs = "=2" to require exactly 2 sig figs in the answer, or $reqsigfigs = "[2,3]" to require 2 or 3 sigfigs. This will put also a message in the answer tips stating the significant figures required. If you use the "=2" form, it will also round your $answer if needed for the $showanswer.
This setting overrides both $reltolerance and $abstolerance, and by default tests that the student answer rounded to the specified sigfigs matches the correct answer. To override the tolerance use +- in the setting, like this:
$reqsigfigs = "=2+-.01" checks for exactly 2 sigfigs, but allows the answer to have an absolute error of .01
$reqsigfigs = "=2+-1%" checks for exactly 2 sigfigs, but allows the answer to have an relative error of 1% (equivalent to $reltolerance = .01)

$answerformat = "list", "exactlist", "orderedlist", "integer, "units", "nosoln", or "nosolninf"

• Answerformats can be combined, like $answerformat = "nosoln,list"
• $answerformat = "list", "exactlist", or "orderedlist" specifies that a list of answers is expected.
• If $answerformat="list", then duplicate values are ignored.
• If $answerformat="exactlist", then duplicate values are not ignored.
• If $answerformat="orderedlist", the list must be in the same order and contain identical counts of values.
• $answerformat = "integer" changes the entry hint to only indicate integers, and rejects answers that contain decimals (except it does allow 2.0 instead of 2)
• $answerformat = "units" adds unit checking. Supply the answer like $answer = "3 kg/m^2". The student's answer can be in other equivalent units, so "300 cm" is considered equivalent to "3 m". The answer must be in the format [decimal number]*[unit]^[power]*[unit]^[power].../[unit]^[power]*[unit]^[power]..., though multiplication can be implied. Note that the units do not require mathematically-proper parens around the denominator. The decimal number can include basic scientific notation in 3E5 or 3*10^5 formats. Note that tolerances are scaled to the unit, so $answer = "3m" with $abstolerance = .1 would mean .1 meters, so "310cm" would still be within tolerance. If $reqsigfigs is set, the specified number of sigfigs will need to be present in the student's answer, regardless of units.
• $answerformat = "nosoln" or "nosolninf" adds a list radio buttons for "no solutions" and optionally "infinite solutions". $ansprompt can override the default statements like this: $ansprompt = "One value, x=;No values;Many values"

$partialcredit = array(number,score,[number,score,...])

Allows you to specify partial credit for other answers. The array should be given in the form array(number,score,number,score,...), where number is the value to compare to the student answer, and score is a proportion between 0 and 1 to award as partial credit. Note this currently only works for single number answers; "or" and list answers are not supported.

$ansprompt = string

A string that will be displayed in front of the input box. Example: $ansprompt="y="

$displayformat = "alignright"

Aligns the text in the answer box to the right side

$answerboxsize = number

Determines the number of characters space provided for entry of an answer. Defaults to 20.

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the question input box in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to $answer. Use this to give a detailed answer, or a rounded off answer.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Calculated

A student is asked to enter a number or a calculation, like 2/3, 5^2, or sin(2). Can also accept DNE, oo (Infinity), and -oo (Negative Infinity) as answers.

Required Variables

$answer = a number or calculation resulting in a number

Defines the answer. Define multiple acceptable answers in a string separated by or: $answer = "3 or 5 or 7". Alternatively, you can provide an interval notation range of acceptable answers, like $answer = "(2,5]". Providing a range will override any tolerances set

To have the answer display as a rendered expression, provide the answer as a string. For example, if you want the answer to show as 2⁴ then you'd specify $answer = "2^4". If you specified $answer = 2^4, the answer would display as 16.

Optional Variables

$answerformat = "fraction", or one of the other options below.

Specifies answer format options. Some can be combined in a list, like this: $answerformat="nodecimal,notrig".

• Base format types: only use at most one of these at a time
  • fraction: requires the answer to be a single fraction (like 10/6, 1/3, or 5)
  • reducedfraction: a reduced fraction (like 5/3 or 5)
  • mixednumber: a reduced mixed number (like 2 1/2 or 2_1/2, or 2/3 or 5)
  • mixednumberorimproper: a reduced mixed number or improper fraction (like 2 1/2 or 5/2)
  • sloppymixednumber: a mixed number (will take 5/2, 2 1/2, even 1 3/2)
  • scinot: scientific notation (like 2.3*10^4)
  • scinotordec: scientific notation (like 2.3*10^4) or decimal value
  • fracordec: a single fraction or decimal value. Can be combined with "allowmixed" to also allow mixed numbers.
  • decimal: requires the answer to be an integer or decimal value
• Mix-ins: You can add these as needed to modify what's allowed
  • allowunreduced: can be combined with "mixednumber" or "mixednumberorimproper" to allow unreduced fractional parts
  • allowxtimes: allows the use of x for multiplication (like 23x10^2 for 23*10^2), typically in combo with the "scinot" format
  • nodecimal: require an answer without decimals (also disallows 10^-2 and 3E-2)
  • notrig: require an answer without trig functions (sin,cos,tan,sec,csc,cot)
  • allowmixed: will enable support for mixed numbers (like 2 1/2) in answers
  • allowdegrees: will enable the use of the degree symbol to designate degrees, so sin(30degree)=1/2.
  • noval: tells the answer preview to not compute a decimal equivalent (deprecated - this option is now enabled by default)
  • showval: tells the answer preview to display a decimal equivalent
  • sameform: requires the student's answer be in the "same form" as the correct answer. This means exactly the same, except for commutation of addition and multiplication, multiplication by 1, implicit multiplication, and extra parentheses. Use with caution.
• List options: only use at most one of these at a time
  • list: a list of answers is expected - ignores duplicate values (1,1,2 is equivalent to 1,2)
  • exactlist: a list of answers is expected - does not ignore duplicates
  • orderedlist: a list of answers is expected - order is important, and duplicates are not ignored
• Special options:
  • nosoln: adds radio buttons for "no solutions". Use $answer="DNE" if the answer is no solutions.
  • nosolninf: adds radio buttons for "no solutions" and "infinite solutions". Use $answer="DNE" or $answer="oo" respectively if needed.
  • To override the default "no solutions" and "infinite solutions" wording, you can define $ansprompt as a list of semicolon-delimited strings to override the default wording. For example,
    $ansprompt = "One value, x=;No values;Many values"

$formatfeedbackon = true

Turns on "right answer, wrong format" feedback on the question

$reltolerance = a decimal value

Defines the largest relative error that will be accepted. If this is not set, a relative error of .001 (.1%) is used by default.

$abstolerance = a number

Defines the largest absolute error that will be accepted. This will override the use of $reltolerance

$reqdecimals = a number

Defines the decimal accuracy required (ie 2 for two decimal places). This will put a message in the answer tips stating the decimals required. If neither $abstolerance or $reltolerance is set, this will set the tolerance, otherwise the provided tolerance will be used (even if it doesn't agree with the $reqdecimal setting).

$reqsigfigs = a number

Defines the significant figure accuracy required. Only valid for "decimal", "scinot", and "scinotordec" $answerformat options. Use $reqsigfigs = 2 for at least 2 sig fig accuracy, or $reqsigfigs = "=2" to require exactly 2 sig figs in the answer, or $reqsigfigs = "[2,3]" to require 2 or 3 sigfigs. This will put also a message in the answer tips stating the significant figures required. If you use the "=2" form, it will also round your $answer if needed for the $showanswer.
This setting overrides both $reltolerance and $abstolerance, and by default tests that the student answer rounded to the specified sigfigs matches the correct answer. To override the tolerance use +- in the setting, like this:
$reqsigfigs = "=2+-.01" checks for exactly 2 sigfigs, but allows the answer to have an absolute error of .01
$reqsigfigs = "=2+-1%" checks for exactly 2 sigfigs, but allows the answer to have an relative error of 1% (equivalent to $reltolerance = .01)

$requiretimes = a list, like "^,=3,cos,<2"

Adds format checking to the student's answer. The list can include multiple checks, which come in pairs. The first is the symbol to look for. The second describes what is acceptable. For example, in the string shown above, the symbol "^" would be required to show up exactly 3 times, and "cos" would be required to show up less than 2 times.
Be aware that if you search for "5,=1", it will match both 5 and 15 and 2.5, since all three strings contain a 5. When searching for numbers, you can avoid this by putting a "#" before the number, like "#5,=1", which would match the 5 but not 15 or 0.5. Beware this type of search ignores signs.
You can use just "#" in the symbol location to match any number (including decimal values); 3.2^5 would match twice.
You can match either of two symbols by putting || between them, like ".5||1/2,>0"
You can use a regular expression by putting in the symbol location "regex:expression"
You can put "ignore_commas,true" at the beginning of the $requiretimes to ignore commas in the answer
You can put "ignore_symbol,$" (or some symbol other than $) at the beginning of the $requiretimes to ignore that symbol in the answer

$requiretimeslistpart = a list, in the same format as $requiretimes

Similar to $requiretimes, but this check is applied to each element of the answer list when a list $answerformat is used, where $requiretimes would be applied to the entire list of answers. To apply different $requiretimes to each element of the $answer list, separate them with semicolons, like "pi,=1;/,=1;;"

$ansprompt = string

A string that will be displayed in front of the input box. Example: $ansprompt="y="

$answerboxsize = number

Determines the number of characters space provided for entry of an answer. Defaults to 20.

$hidepreview = true

Hides the Preview button. Could be useful in multipart questions, or if you're only asking for a simple response, like a fraction

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the question input box in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to $answer. Use this to give a detailed answer, or a rounded off answer.

$previewloc (In Question Text)

Where you want the preview button to be located. Defaults to after the entry box if not placed in question text.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Multiple-Choice

Required Variables

$questions (or $choices) = an array of choices

Defines the choices. If you use $choices, don't define $questions

$answer = the index into $questions that contains the correct answer

Defines the answer. Remember that arrays are zero-indexed, so if $questions = array("correct","wrong","wrong"), then $answer=0. Define multiple acceptable answer indices in a string separated by or: $answer = "0 or 1".

Optional Variables

$displayformat = "horiz", "select", "2column, "3column", or "inline"

Will lay out the choices horizontally, as a select box, in multiple columns, or inline with text rather than using the default vertical layout

$noshuffle = "all" or "last" or "last2"

If $noshuffle="all", then the $questions array will not be randomized (shuffled). If $noshuffle = "last", then the $questions array will be randomized, except for the last element. This is for options like "None of the above". You can use "last2" or "last3" to randomize all but the last 2 or 3 elements.

$partialcredit = array(index,score,[index,score,...])

Allows you to specify partial credit for other answers. The array should be given in the form array(index,score,index,score,...), where index is the index in $questions, and score is a proportion between 0 and 1 to award as partial credit. For example, if $answer = 0 and $partialcredit = array(2,.3), then the student would get full credit for selecting the item corresponding with $questions[0], and 30% credit for selecting the item corresponding with $questions[2]. All other answers would receive 0 credit.

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the choice list in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to the text of the correct answer. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Multiple-Answer

Required Variables

$questions (or $choices)= an array of questions

Defines the choices. If you use $choices, don't define $questions

$answers = a list of the indexes into $questions that contain the correct answer

Defines the answers. Remember that arrays are zero-indexed, if $questions = array("correct","correct","wrong"), then $answers="0,1". Or there are more than one correct combination, separate with or, like $answers = "0,1 or 0,3"

Optional Variables

$scoremethod = "answers" or "allornothing" or "takeanything"

By default, the total points possible are divided by the number of questions, and partial credit is lost for each correct answer missed and each wrong answer selected. If $scoremethod="answers" is set, then the total points possible are divided by the number of answers (tougher grading scheme). If $scoremethod="allornothing", then the student will only get credit if every piece is correct (no partial credit). if $scoremethod="takeanything", full credit will be given for any response.

$displayformat = "horiz", "2column, "3column", or "inline"

Will lay out the choices horizontally, in multiple columns, or inline with text rather than using the default vertical layout

$noshuffle = "all"

If $noshuffle="all", then the $questions array will not be randomized (shuffled)

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the choice list in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to the text of the correct answers. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Matching

Required Variables

$questions = an array of questions

Defines the questions - these will be on the left with entry boxes

$answers = an array of answers

Defines the answers - these will be on the right and lettered

Optional Variables

$matchlist = a list of the indexes into $answers that contain the match to each question.

Defines correct matches. By default, it is assumed that each element of $questions is matched one-to-one with the corresponding element of $answers (in other words, that $answers[0] is the answer to $questions[0]).
$matchlist allows you to define one-to-many matches. Example: if $questions=array("cat","dog","quartz") and $answers=array("animal","mineral"), then $matchlist = "0,0,1"

$questiontitle = string

Displays a title above the list of questions. For example, if $questions was a list of states, then $questiontitle="States" would be appropriate

$answertitle = string

Displays a title above the list of answers

$noshuffle = "questions" or "answers"

Retains original order of questions or answers, and only shuffles the other. By default, both lists are shuffled

$displayformat = "select" or "2columnselect"

Only displays the $answers, with select boxes next to each containing the $questions. This should only be used with pure text $questions.

$scoremethod = "allornothing"

Setting "allornothing" will mean no partial credit is given, and the student must match all parts correctly to get credit.

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place matching questions and answers in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to the list of correct matches. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Function

Required Variables

$answer = string

Defines the answer function, entered as a string. For example, $answer="2sin(x)". You can specify multiple acceptable answers by separating with "or", like $answer="x^2 or x^4"
Note: The system will accept any algebraically equivalent answer. To only allow answers of a specific format, you'll also need to define $requiretimes (see below).

Optional Variables

$variables = string

A list of all variables in the function (including letters representing constants). Defaults to "x". Can use "f()" to indicate a symbol represents a function.

$domain = "inputmin,inputmax"

Defines the domain on which to compare the given answer and correct answer functions. The same domain applies to all variables. An option third list element "integers" can be given, which limits the domain to integer values. The domain defaults to real numbers from -10 to 10. If using multiple variables, can extend domain to define domain for each variable separately. Example: $variables = "x,y"; $domain = "0,5,20,25"

$requiretimes = a list, like "^,=3,cos,<2"

Adds format checking to the student's answer. The list can include multiple checks, which come in pairs. The first is the symbol to look for. The second describes what is acceptable. For example, in the string shown above, the symbol "^" would be required to show up exactly 3 times, and "cos" would be required to show up less than 2 times. You can use "#" in the symbol location to match any number (including decimal values); 3.2x+42y would match twice.
You can use a regular expression by putting in the symbol location "regex:expression"
You can match either of two symbols by putting || between them, like "x^-3||/x^3,>0"
Include "ignore_case,false" to make the search case sensitive. Include "ignore_symbol,$" (or some symbol other than $) at the beginning of the $requiretimes to ignore that symbol in the answer
Note that commas are ignored by default with Function type, and a basic exponent like x^(-3) is converted to x^-3 before the check.

$answerformat = "equation" or "inequality" or "toconst" or "scalarmult" or "nosoln" or "nosolninf" or "sameform" (can combine, like "equation,nosoln")

By default, the student answer is expected to be an expression, and be equivalent (at points) to the specified answer. This option changes this behavior.
"equation": Specifies that the answer expected is an equation rather than an expression. The given answer should also be an equation. Be sure to specify all variables in the equation in $variables. This may fail on equations that are near zero for most values of the input; this can often be overcome by changing the $domain
"inequality": Specifies that the answer is expected to be an inequality rather than an expression. The given answers should also be an inequality. Be sure to specify all variables in the equation in $variables. This may fail on equations that are near zero for most values of the input; this can often be overcome by changing the $domain
"toconst": Specifies that the answer provided by the student is allowed to differ from the specified answer by a constant for all inputs. Appropriate for comparing antiderivatives. This may fail on expressions that evaluate to very large values or raise numbers to very large powers.
"scalarmult": Specifies that the answer provided by the student is allowed to differ from the specified answer by a scalar multiple.
"nosoln" or "nosolninf" adds a list radio buttons for "no solutions" and optionally "infinite solutions". $ansprompt can override the default statements like this: $ansprompt = "One function, f(x)=;No such function exists"
"sameform": requires the student's answer be in the "same form" as the correct answer. This means exactly the same, except for commutation of addition and multiplication, multiplication by 1, implicit multiplication, and extra parentheses. (2x-3)(5-x) would be "sameform" as (-1x+5)(2*x-3), but 2/4x and 1/2x and 0.5x would not be "sameform". Use with caution.

$partialcredit = array(string,score,[string,score,...])

Allows you to specify partial credit for other answers. The array should be given in the form array(string,score,string,score,...), where string is the expression to compare to the student answer, and score is a proportion between 0 and 1 to award as partial credit. Note this currently only works for single expression answers; "or" answers are not supported.

$formatfeedbackon = true

Turns on "right answer, wrong format" feedback on the question

$reltolerance = a decimal value

Defines the largest relative error that will be accepted. If this is not set, a relative error of .001 (.1%) is used by default.

$abstolerance = a number

Defines the largest absolute error that will be accepted. This will override the use of $reltolerance

$ansprompt = string

A string that will be displayed in front of the input box. Example: $ansprompt="y="

$answerboxsize = number

Determines the number of characters space provided for entry of an answer. Defaults to 20.

$hidepreview = true

Hides the Preview button. Could be useful in multipart questions, but generally not recommended

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the question input box in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to makeprettydisp($answer).

$previewloc (In Question Text)

Where you want the preview button to be located. Defaults to after the entry box if not placed in question text.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

String

Required Variables

$answer = a string

Defines the answer. Multiple acceptable answers can be entered using "or". Example: $answer = "dog or cat"

Optional Variables

$strflags = string of flags, like "ignore_case=1,trim_whitespace=0"

Determines how the string will be compared. Set to 1 to turn on, 0 for off. Flags are:

• ignore_case: ignores capitol/lowercase differences
• trim_whitespace: trims leading and ending whitespace (spaces)
• compress_whitespace: compresses multiple spaces to one space and trims
• remove_whitespace: removes all whitespace (spaces)
• ignore_order: treats ABC and CBA as equivalent
• ignore_commas: removes commas
• partial_credit: awards partial credit based on Levenshtein distance between strings
• allow_diff=n: gives full credit for answers with Levenshtein distance between strings ≤ n
• in_answer: gives credit if $answer is contained anywhere in the student answer
• regex: interprets $answer as a regular expression (pattern) to evaluate the student's answer. For example, $answer="cost.*increas" will give credit if the word cost appears before increas in the student's answer. $answer="increas|ris" will accept any of the following: increasing, increases, rising, or risen etc.
• special_or: use *or* for separating answers rather than or.
• ignore_symbol=sym: Unlike the other flags, this is not an on/off flag. Set this equal to a symbol to ignore that symbol in student answers. This flag can be used multiple times with different symbols.

By default, compress_whitespace and ignore_case are On. Only one of partial_credit, allow_diff, in_answer or regex may be used at a time.

$scoremethod = "takeanything" or "takeanythingorblank" or "submitblank"

"takeanything" or "takeanythingorblank" sets the problem to give full credit for any answer. "takeanythingorblank" also counts blank answers as correct. "submitblank" will cause blank answers to get submitted for scoring (new system only).

$answerformat = "list" or "logic"

"list" specifies that a list of answers is expected. Renders ignore_commas unnecessary. Cannot be used with partial_credit flag. Duplicates are not ignored.

"logic" enables a separate grading algorithm for logic statements, ignoring $strflags. The $answer should be given using vv for or, ^^ for and, ~ for not, => for conditional, and <=> for biconditional. Parens are supported, but no other symbols. The variables used in the logic expression must be declared by defining $variables.

$displayformat = "usepreview" or "typeahead" or "usepreviewnomq"

"usepreview" enables mathquill entry for mathematical answers.
"usepreviewnomq" adds a preview button for previewing mathematical answers in asciimath.
"typeahead" will enable an auto-suggest list of options once the student has typed at least two letters of the word. Provide the auto-suggest list in the variable $questions.

$variables

When $answerformat="logic" is used, define the $variables in the logic statement, like "p,q"

$ansprompt = string

A string that will be displayed in front of the input box. Example: $ansprompt="type: "

$answerboxsize = number

Determines the number of characters space provided for entry of an answer. Defaults to 20.

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the answer entry box in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to the text of the correct answer. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Essay

Required Variables

None - the essay type is not computer graded.

Optional Variables

$answerboxsize = "rows" or $answerboxsize = "rows,columns"

Determines size of space provided for entry of an answer. Defaults to 5 rows, 50 columns.

$displayformat = "editor"

Use the rich text editor for the essay answer box.

$scoremethod = "takeanything" or "takeanythingorblank"

Sets the problem to give full credit for any answer. The latter also counts blank answers as correct.

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the essay box in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to the text of the correct answer. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Writing

The Writing question type is designed for essay and long-form writing assignments with enhanced features for academic integrity, rubric-based grading, and AI-assisted feedback. Unlike the basic Essay type, Writing questions include activity tracking, paste monitoring, and integration with the enhanced rubric system. Writing questions are not automatically graded by default but can use AI to suggest grades based on rubrics, or can be configured for automatic scoring.

Note: Writing questions can only be used as standalone questions. They cannot be used as a part type within Multipart or Conditional questions, because the rubric integration, self-assessment, AI formative feedback, and activity tracking features require a dedicated question context. If you need a text input within a multipart question, use the Essay type instead.

Required Variables

None - the writing type requires manual or AI-assisted grading by default.

Optional Variables - Editor Display

The editor includes a fullscreen button that students can use to expand the editor to fill the screen, providing more space for longer writing tasks.

$showWordCount = true or false

Show a live word count display in the toolbar. If word limits are set, they will be shown in the tooltip. Defaults to true.

$showThesaurus = true or false

Enable the built-in thesaurus tool. Students can select a word and click the thesaurus button to see synonyms (uses Merriam-Webster API). Defaults to true.

$showDictionary = true or false

Enable the built-in dictionary tool. Students can select a word and click the dictionary button to see definitions (uses Merriam-Webster API). Defaults to true.

Optional Variables - Toolbar Customization

$toolbarAllowMath = true or false

Override profile setting to enable/disable math formula insertion.

$toolbarAllowMedia = true or false

Override profile setting to enable/disable image/media embedding.

$toolbarAllowTables = true or false

Override profile setting to enable/disable table insertion.

$toolbarAllowFormatting = true or false

Override profile setting to enable/disable text formatting (bold, italic, underline, etc.).

$toolbarAllowLinks = true or false

Override profile setting to enable/disable hyperlink insertion.

$toolbarAllowLists = true or false

Override profile setting to enable/disable bullet and numbered lists.

Optional Variables - Word Limits

$minWords = number

Minimum word count requirement. If set, displays a warning when below the minimum. Used for scoring validation with certain score methods.

$maxWords = number

Maximum word count limit. If set, displays a warning when exceeded.

Optional Variables - Activity Tracking

$pastePolicy = "allow", "track", or "block"

Controls how pasted content is handled:

• allow: No restrictions, minimal tracking
• track: Allow paste but log events and flag suspicious activity for teacher review (default)
• block: Block external paste, allow only internal copy/paste within the editor

A status indicator is shown to students when tracking is active.

$autoSaveInterval = number

Auto-save interval in seconds. Drafts are saved automatically at this interval and on submit. Set to 0 to disable auto-save. Defaults to 30 seconds.

Optional Variables - Rubric & Self-Assessment

$rubricId = number

ID of a rubric (from the enhanced rubric system) to associate with this question. The rubric will be displayed during grading and can be used for AI-assisted grade suggestions. Find rubric IDs at Course > Rubrics.

$allowSelfAssess = true or false

Enable student self-assessment using the associated rubric. Students can evaluate their own work against the rubric criteria before submitting. Requires $rubricId to be set. Defaults to false.

Optional Variables - Scoring

$scoremethod = "takeanything", "takeanythingorblank", or "wordcount"

Sets automatic scoring behavior:

• (not set): Default manual grading. Blank responses get 0, non-blank responses require teacher review.
• takeanything: Full credit for any non-blank response. If $minWords is set and the response is below the minimum, partial credit is given based on the word count ratio (wordCount / minWords).
• takeanythingorblank: Full credit for any response, including blank responses.
• wordcount: Score based on meeting $minWords. Full credit if word count meets minimum, partial credit (wordCount / minWords) if below, zero if blank. Requires $minWords to be set.

$answer = string

The model answer to display when students view the answer (if the option is available). Can include HTML formatting. This is shown as the "correct answer" in review contexts.

$showanswer = string

Alternative to $answer. The answer to show to students. Use this to provide a model response or detailed answer explanation.

Optional Variables - Accessibility & Display

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders. Appended to the question identifier.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the writing editor in that location instead of the default position.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default.

Activity Tracking

When using $pastePolicy = "track" or "block", the system automatically tracks:

• Paste events: Whether content was pasted from external sources vs internal copy/paste, character counts, and content hashes
• Typing sessions: Start/end times and character counts typed
• Focus/blur events: When the student leaves and returns to the editor
• Draft versions: Automatic saves with full content history

The system automatically flags responses that appear suspicious (e.g., high external paste ratio). Teachers can view the activity timeline, draft history, and flagged responses in the grading interface.

Writing Settings Helper

The question editor includes a "Writing Settings Helper" panel that provides a visual interface for configuring Writing question options. Click the panel header to expand it.

• Quick Presets: Select from pre-configured templates (Academic Essay, Reflection Journal, Exam Response, Creative Writing, Minimal) to quickly populate common settings
• Visual Controls: Configure all options using dropdowns, checkboxes, and text inputs without needing to remember variable names
• Apply Settings to Code: Click this button to generate properly-formatted PHP code with helpful comments and inject it into the Common Control editor
• Rubric Sync: When you select a rubric from the Rubric Selection dropdown, the "Include $rubricId in code" option automatically syncs

Administrators can manage system-wide presets at Admin > Writing Presets.

Rubric Integration

There are two ways to associate a rubric with a Writing question:

1. Using the Rubric Selection dropdown (recommended):
   • In the question editor, find the "Rubric Selection" section (appears when Writing type is selected)
   • Select a rubric from the dropdown (organized by My Rubrics, Shared Rubrics, Templates)
   • Optionally check "Enable student self-assessment"
   • If using the Writing Settings Helper, check "Include $rubricId in code" to also set the variable
   The rubric assignment is stored in the database (imas_rubric_assignments table) separately from the code.
2. Setting $rubricId in code:
   • Create a rubric at Course > Rubrics (or /course/addrubric2.php)
   • Note the rubric ID from the rubric list
   • Set $rubricId in your question code to the rubric ID
   • Optionally enable $allowSelfAssess = true for student self-evaluation

Both methods work, and you can use both together. The UI method is recommended for ease of use, while the code method gives you more control and makes the rubric assignment visible in the code.

When a rubric is attached, the grading interface shows the rubric with clickable score levels. AI can suggest which levels to select based on the student's response.

AI Features (Teacher)

When AI is enabled in the site configuration, teachers can:

• Request AI-suggested rubric level selections with explanations for each dimension
• Get AI-generated writing feedback on grammar, style, and structure
• View AI confidence scores and suggested improvements

Note: AI suggestions are advisory only. Teachers must review and approve all grades.

AI Formative Feedback (Student)

When enabled, students can request AI-powered formative feedback on their writing before final submission. This helps students improve their work through constructive feedback without affecting their grade.

$aiFormativeEnabled = true or false

Enable the "Get AI Feedback" button for students. When clicked, the AI analyzes the student's response against the rubric criteria and provides structured feedback including:

• Suggested rubric level selections (highlighted on the rubric display)
• Overall feedback summary
• Identified strengths
• Areas for improvement

Requires $rubricId to be set and AI to be enabled in site configuration with the student_formative feature flag. Defaults to false.

$aiAllowChat = true or false

When AI formative feedback is enabled, this controls whether students can ask follow-up questions about the feedback. Students can have a conversation with the AI to better understand the feedback and how to improve. Defaults to true (when $aiFormativeEnabled is true).

Important: AI formative feedback is purely advisory and does not affect grades. All sessions are logged for teacher review, allowing instructors to see how students engaged with the feedback during their learning process.

AI Calibration Exemplars

Teachers can add exemplar responses to help calibrate AI feedback for specific questions. Exemplars are example student responses with teacher-assigned rubric scores that teach the AI what different quality levels look like for this particular question.

Benefits:

• More consistent AI scoring aligned with your expectations
• AI learns from concrete examples rather than just rubric text
• Particularly useful for subjective or nuanced criteria

How to Add Exemplars:

1. Open the question editor and save the question (exemplars require a saved question)
2. Select a rubric in the Rubric Selection section
3. Click the "Manage Exemplars" button that appears
4. Add example responses with:
   • Response text - A sample student response
   • Scores - Select the appropriate level for each rubric dimension
   • Rationale (optional) - Explain why you gave these scores

Best Practices:

• Add 2-3 exemplars covering different quality levels (e.g., high, medium, low)
• Include rationale to help the AI understand your reasoning
• Focus on exemplars that illustrate edge cases or common scoring decisions

$pastePolicy = "track"
$showWordCount = true
$showThesaurus = true
$minWords = 200
$maxWords = 1000
$rubricId = 5
$allowSelfAssess = true
$aiFormativeEnabled = true
$aiAllowChat = true

$question = "Write an argumentative essay on the topic of climate change policy.
Use evidence to support your position."

$showWordCount = true
$minWords = 250
$maxWords = 500

$question = "Write a short essay (250-500 words) describing your favorite book."

$pastePolicy = "track"
$showWordCount = true
$showThesaurus = true
$minWords = 250
$maxWords = 1000
$rubricId = 5
$allowSelfAssess = true

$answer = "A strong persuasive essay includes a clear thesis, supporting evidence,
and addresses counterarguments. The conclusion should reinforce the main argument."

$question = "Write a persuasive essay arguing for or against the use of
renewable energy sources. Your essay should include an introduction with
a clear thesis statement, at least three body paragraphs with supporting
evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your argument."

$scoremethod = "wordcount"
$minWords = 100
$showWordCount = true
$toolbarProfile = "basic"
$pastePolicy = "allow"

$question = "Reflect on what you learned in this module. Write at least 100 words."

$scoremethod = "takeanything"
$toolbarProfile = "minimal"
$showThesaurus = false
$pastePolicy = "allow"

$question = "What is one thing you are grateful for today?"

Drawing

Drawing questions require the student to draw one or more lines/curves or dots. Dots are graded right/wrong. Lines/curves are graded based on the deviation of the drawn line from the correct line.

Required Variables

$answers = a string or array of strings describing the points or curves to be drawn

Curves: "f(x)" like "x^2+3".
Line segments or rays: "f(x),xmin,xmax", like "x+1,-3,2" or "x+1,-oo,3"
Dots: "x,y" for closed dots, "x,y,open" for open dots, like "2,3"
See below for additional entry formats for other curves when using "twopoint" drawing.
When using twopoint drawing, you can preface an answer with "optional", like "optional,2,3", to indicate that drawing element is not required, but shouldn't mark down the score if present.

Recommended Variables

$answerformat = "twopoint", "polygon", "inequality", "numberline", or (for the older tools), "line,lineseg,dot,opendot"

Limits the drawing tools available to students. Defaults to the older drawing tools "line,dot,opendot".

$answerformat="twopoint" will use a different set of drawing tools for specific shapes that all use two control points to define the shape. It is strongly recommended you use these instead of the older tools.

• $answerformat="twopoint" will use a default tool set of line, parabola, absolute value, circle, and dot tools
• You can limit or expand the tools by specifying them: e.g. $answerformat = "twopoint,line,parab". Valid values are:
  • line (lines)
  • lineseg (line segment)
  • ray (rays)
  • parab (vertical parabolas)
  • horizparab (horizontal parabolas)
  • cubic (a(x-h)^3+k style cubics)
  • abs (absolute value)
  • circle (circles)
  • dot (open and closed dots)
  • sqrt (square root)
  • cuberoot (cube root)
  • trig (sin and cos)
  • vector (position or displacement vectors)
  • exp (exponential with horizontal asymptote at y=0)
  • genexp (exponential with any horizontal asymptote)
  • log (logarithm with vertical asymptote at x=0)
  • genlog (logarithm with any vertical asymptote)
  • rational (linear/linear rational)
  • ellipse (ellipses)
  • hyperbola (vertical or horizontal hyperbolas)
• For lines, vertical parabolas, absolute values, square roots, cubics, cuberoots, sines, cosines, exponentials, logs, and rationals (linear/linear only) give $answers as a function of x, like "2(x-1)^2+3"
• For line segments and rays, given $answers as a function with domain, like "2x+4,-oo,3", or for vertical line segments use x= and give the range, like "x=4,-2,3"
• For dots give $answers as "x,y", or "x,y,open" for open dots
• For circles, give $answers as "circle,x,y,radius", like "circle,2,-1,3"
• For ellipses, give $answers as "ellipse,x,y,x_radius,y_radius", like "ellipse,1,2,4,2"
• For hyperbolas of form (x-h)^2/a^2-(y-k)^2/b^2=1, give $answers as "horizhyperbola,h,k,a,b"
• For hyperbolas of form (y-k)^2/a^2-(x-h)^2/b^2=1, give $answers as "verthyperbola,h,k,a,b"
• For horizontal parabolas give $answers as "x=equation", like "x=2(y-1)^2-3".
• For vertical lines give $answers as "x=number", like "x=3".
• For vectors, give $answers as "vector, x_start, y_start, x_end, y_end" for position vectors, or "vector, dx, dy" for displacement vectors

$answerformat = "polygon" can be used for drawing a single polygon; give $answer as array of points in order joined with edges.

$answerformat = "closedpolygon" can be used for drawing a single polygon that is closed; the enclosed area will be shaded and the drawing terminate when the shape is closed. The format is the same as "polygon", except make sure the first and last entry of your $answers array are identical.

$answerformat="inequality" will use a set of drawing tools for graphing linear inequalities in two variables. Give $answers for non-vertical lines in form like ">=3x+4", "<5x+4", and "x<=3" for vertical lines.

$answerformat="inequality,parab" will use a set of drawing tools for graphing quadratic inequalities in two variables. Give $answers in form like ">=x^2-4", "<x^2+1". Use $answerformat="inequality,both" to turn on lines and parabolas.

$answerformat="inequality,abs" will use a set of drawing tools for graphing absolute value inequalities in two variables. Give $answers in form like ">=abs(x-3)+4", "<3abs(x)". Use $answerformat="inequality,line,abs,parab" or some combo to turn on multiple tools.

$answerformat="numberline" will use a set of drawing tools for graphing inequalities or points in one variable on a number line. Give $answers as dots and line segments, or use the intervalstodraw function from the interval macro library to form the $answers array.

$answerformat can also be used to limit the older tools: $answerformat = "line", or $answerformat = "line,dot"

$snaptogrid = spacing

Turns on snapping, where points will jump to a grid. $snaptogrid = 1 will jump to the nearest integer. $snaptogrid = 0.5 will jump to the nearest .5. $snaptogrid = "2:4" will jump to the nearest 2 in the x and 4 in the y. Does not have to match the actual grid line spacing. Be aware that due to pixelation, the snapping may not land on exact values correctly. This is usually corrected for automatically, but it sometimes fails if the correction would be too large. In that case, use the getsnapwidthheight macro to compute an imagewidth and imageheight that will be pixel accurate.

Optional Variables

$grid = "xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,xscl,yscl,imagewidth,imageheight"

Defines the grid to be drawn on. Defaults to "-5,5,-5,5,1,1,300,300". You can set all or just some of the values. For example, to just set the window, you could use "0,10,0,10"
If using $answerformat="numberline", set ymin and ymax to 0.
If desired, you can set separate label and grid spacing using "xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,xlabelspacing:xgridspacing,ylabelspacing:ygridspacing,imagewidth,imageheight". You can specify axis labels using "xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,xlabelspacing:xgridspacing:xaxislabel,ylabelspacing:ygridspacing:yaxislabel,imagewidth,imageheight". To create first quadrant graphs, use "0:-n" (for some value of n) for xmin and/or ymin to only have gridlines and labels after 0, while still using -n to adjust spacing.

$background = equation or array of equations, using the showplot macro format

Define a graph to display in the background, to be drawn on top of. Example: $background = "x^2,red".
You can also set $background a string of asciisvg commands prefaced with "draw:", like "draw:line([1,1],[3,3]);". Note that initPicture and axes will already have been called, so do not include them.
You can also set $background to "none" to remove axes and the grid.

$partweights = array or list of weights

Defines grading weight for each line or dot in $answers. Example: $partweights = ".5,.25,.25". Defaults to equal weights on each line or dot.

$reltolerance = tolerance scaling factor

Scales the grading tolerance. Defaults to 1. Set $reltolerance = 2 to make the grading twice as tolerant; $reltolerance = 0.5 to make grading half as forgiving

$abstolerance = grading cutoff

Sets all-or-nothing grading. If score < $abstolerance, the student receives 0 for the question (note: score is between 0 and 1). Otherwise the student will receive full credit. Not set by default.

$scoremethod = "takeanything", "direction", "relativelength"

When "takeanything" is used, this will give full credit for any non-blank answer. This might be of use with the freehand drawing option.
"direction" and "relativelength" are only used for vectors. "direction" will score the initial point and direction for position vectors, but not length, and will only score direction for displacement vectors. "relativelength" will score like "direction", but will also check that the drawn vectors have correct lengths relative to each other.

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the question input drawing tool in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to the text of the correct answer. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

N-Tuple

N-Tuple questions require the student to enter an n-tuple or list of n-tuples. This can be used for coordinate points, vectors, or any other n-tuple of numbers.

Required Variables

$answer = a string containing an n-tuple or list of n-tuples

Defines the answer n-tuple or list of n-tuples. N-tuples can be any dimension, but must be surrounded by any of: (), [], {}, <>. Examples: $answer = "(1,2)", $answer = "<2,3,4>,<1,5,7>", $answer = "(1,2) or (1,3)"

Optional Variables

$displayformat = "point", "pointlist", "vector", "vectorlist", "list"

Changes the answer entry tips (does NOT change how the question is graded). For points, entry like (2,3) is specified. For vectors, entry like <2,3> is specified.

$scoremethod = "byelement"

By default, the whole n-tuple must be correct to receive any credit. Set $scoremethod = "byelement" to give partial credit if only some elements of the n-tuple are correct.

$reltolerance = a decimal value

Defines the largest relative error that will be accepted. If this is not set, a relative error of .001 (.1%) is used by default.

$abstolerance = a number

Defines the largest absolute error that will be accepted. This will override the use of $reltolerance

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the question input drawing tool in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to the text of the correct answer. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Calculated N-Tuple

Calculated N-Tuple questions require the student to enter an n-tuple or list of n-tuples. This can be used for coordinate points, vectors, or any other n-tuple of numbers. This is identical the the N-tuple answer type, but allows students to enter mathematical expressions rather than just numbers, such as (5/3, 2/3).

Required Variables

$answer = a string containing an n-tuple or list of n-tuples

Defines the answer n-tuple or list of n-tuples. N-tuples can be any dimension, but must be surrounded by any of: (), [], {}, <>. Examples: $answer = "(1/3,2)", $answer = "<2,3,4>,<1,5,7>", $answer = "(1,2) or (1,3)"

Optional Variables

$displayformat = "point", "pointlist", "vector", "vectorlist", "list"

Changes the answer entry tips (does NOT change how the question is graded). For points, entry like (2,3) is specified. For vectors, entry like <2,3> is specified.

$answerformat = "scalarmult", "fraction", "reducedfraction", "mixednumber", "scinot", "fracordec", "nodecimal", "notrig", "nosoln", "nosolninf"

"scalarmult" will accept any answer that is a scalar multiple of the correct answer.
The other options require each component of the answer to be a single fraction (like 10/6), a reduced fraction (like 5/3), a reduced mixed number (like 2_1/2), scientific notation (like 2.3*10^4), a single fraction or decimal, an answer without decimals (also disallows 10^-2 and 3E-2), or an answer without trig functions (sin,cos,tan,sec,csc,cot). Multiple options can be specified like $answerformat="nodecimal,notrig".
$answerformat = "nosoln" or "nosolninf" adds a list radio buttons for "no solutions" and optionally "infinite solutions". $ansprompt can override the default statements like this: $ansprompt = "One value, x=;No values;Many values"

$scoremethod = "byelement"

By default, the whole n-tuple must be correct to receive any credit. Set $scoremethod = "byelement" to give partial credit if only some elements of the n-tuple are correct.

$reltolerance = a decimal value

Defines the largest relative error that will be accepted. If this is not set, a relative error of .001 (.1%) is used by default.

$abstolerance = a number

Defines the largest absolute error that will be accepted. This will override the use of $reltolerance

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the question input drawing tool in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to the text of the correct answer. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Complex

Required Variables

$answers = a string containing a complex number or list of complex numbers

Defines the answer. Example: $answer="3+2i"

Optional Variables

$answerformat = "list"

Specifies that the answer will be a list of complex numbers.

$reltolerance = a decimal value

Defines the largest relative error that will be accepted. If this is not set, a relative error of .001 (.1%) is used by default.

$abstolerance = a number

Defines the largest absolute error that will be accepted. This will override the use of $reltolerance

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the question input drawing tool in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to the text of the correct answer. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Calculated Complex

Required Variables

$answer = a string containing a complex number or list of complex numbers

Defines the answer. Example: $answer="3+2i", $answer="2/3+1/3i". The answer must be given in a + bi format (so 2+3isqrt(2) or 5/2+i/3 will not work)

Optional Variables

$answerformat = "sloppycomplex", "fraction", "reducedfraction", "mixednumber", "scinot", "fracordec", "nodecimal", or "notrig"

Use "sloppycomplex" to allow the student to enter complex numbers in forms other than a+bi (allows 2+3isqrt(2) for example). Student answer must still only contain one i.
The other options requires the real and imaginary parts of the answer to be a single fraction (like 10/6), a reduced fraction (like 5/3), a reduced mixed number (like 2_1/2), scientific notation (like 2.3*10^4), a single fraction or decimal, an answer without decimals (also disallows 10^-2 and 3E-2), or an answer without trig functions (sin,cos,tan,sec,csc,cot). Multiple options can be specified like $answerformat="nodecimal,notrig".
$answerformat = "list" specifies that the answer will be a list of complex numbers. $answerformat = "nosoln" or "nosolninf" adds a list radio buttons for "no solutions" and optionally "infinite solutions". $ansprompt can override the default statements like this: $ansprompt = "One value, x=;No values;Many values"

$reltolerance = a decimal value

Defines the largest relative error that will be accepted. If this is not set, a relative error of .001 (.1%) is used by default.

$abstolerance = a number

Defines the largest absolute error that will be accepted. This will override the use of $reltolerance

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the question input drawing tool in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to the text of the correct answer. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Numerical Matrix

Required Variables

$answer = string describing a matrix of numbers, or calculations leading to numbers

Defines the answer. Example: $answer = "[(1,2,3),(8/2,5,6)]" is a 2x3 matrix with first row: 1,2,3

Optional Variables

$answersize = "rows,cols"

Defines the size of the answer matrix. If this is supplied, the student will be provided with a grid of entry boxes in which to input the matrix. If this is not supplied, they will be required to enter the matrix using the ASCIIMath notation, like "[(1,2,3),(4,5,6)]"

$answerformat = "scalarmult" or "ref"

If "scalarmult" used, any scalar multiple of the correct matrix will be accepted.
If "ref" is used, any row echelon form matrix that is row equivalent will be accepted.

$reltolerance = a decimal value

Defines the largest relative error that will be accepted. If this is not set, a relative error of .001 (.1%) is used by default.

$abstolerance = a number

Defines the largest absolute error that will be accepted. This will override the use of $reltolerance

$scoremethod = "byelement"

By default, the whole matrix must be correct to receive any credit. Set $scoremethod = "byelement" to give partial credit if only some elements of the matrix are correct.

$displayformat = "det"

When $answersize is used, by default square brackets are used around the entry array. Set $displayformat = "det" to use vertical bars instead.

$ansprompt = string

A string that will be displayed in front of the input box. Example: $ansprompt="y="

$answerboxsize = number

Determines the number of characters space provided for entry of an answer. Defaults to 20. Will only be used if $answersize is not supplied.

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the question input box in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to $answer. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Calculated Matrix

Required Variables

$answer = string describing a matrix of numbers, or calculations leading to numbers

Defines the answer. Example: $answer = "[(1,2,3),(8/2,5,6)]" is a 2x3 matrix with first row: 1,2,3

Optional Variables

$answersize = "rows,cols"

Defines the size of the answer matrix. If this is supplied, the student will be provided with a grid of entry boxes in which to input the matrix. If this is not supplied, they will be required to enter the matrix using the ASCIIMath notation, like "[(1,2,3),(4,5,6)]"

$answerformat = "scalarmult","ref","fraction", "reducedfraction", "mixednumber", "scinot", "fracordec", "nodecimal", or "notrig"

Requires the entries of the answer to be a single fraction (like 10/6), a reduced fraction (like 5/3), a reduced mixed number (like 2_1/2), scientific notation (like 2.3*10^4), a single fraction or decimal, an answer without decimals (also disallows 10^-2 and 3E-2), or an answer without trig functions (sin,cos,tan,sec,csc,cot). Multiple options can be specified like $answerformat="nodecimal,notrig".
If "scalarmult" used, any scalar multiple of the correct matrix will be accepted.
If "ref" is used, any row echelon form matrix that is row equivalent will be accepted.

$reltolerance = a decimal value

Defines the largest relative error that will be accepted. If this is not set, a relative error of .001 (.1%) is used by default.

$abstolerance = a number

Defines the largest absolute error that will be accepted. This will override the use of $reltolerance

$scoremethod = "byelement"

By default, the whole matrix must be correct to receive any credit. Set $scoremethod = "byelement" to give partial credit if only some elements of the matrix are correct.

$displayformat = "det"

When $answersize is used, by default square brackets are used around the entry array. Set $displayformat = "det" to use vertical bars instead.

$ansprompt = string

A string that will be displayed in front of the input box. Example: $ansprompt="y="

$answerboxsize = number

Determines the number of characters space provided for entry of an answer. Defaults to 20. Will only be used if $answersize is not supplied.

$hidepreview = true

Hides the Preview button. Could be useful in multipart questions, but generally not recommended

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the question input box in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to $answer. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

$previewloc (In Question Text)

Where you want the preview button to be located. Defaults to after the entry box if not placed in question text.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Interval

A student is asked to enter an interval notation answer. Example: (2,5]U(7,oo)

Required Variables

$answer = a string with the answer in interval notation

Defines the answer. Join multiple intervals with U for union. Example: $answer = "(-oo,4]U(3,oo)". Use DNE for empty set. Multiple acceptable answers can be entered using "or". Example: $answer = "(3,3) or [3,3]"

Optional Variables

$reltolerance = a decimal value

Defines the largest relative error that will be accepted. If this is not set, a relative error of .001 (.1%) is used by default.

$abstolerance = a number

Defines the largest absolute error that will be accepted. This will override the use of $reltolerance

$reqdecimals = a number

Defines the decimal accuracy required (ie 2 for two decimal places). This will put a message in the answer tips stating the decimals required. If neither $abstolerance or $reltolerance is set, this will set the tolerance, otherwise the provided tolerance will be used (even if it doesn't agree with the $reqdecimal setting).

$answerformat = "normalcurve" or "list"

"normalcurve" Changes the question to use a "shade the area under the normal curve" widget. Define $answer using the interval that should be shaded. Note that the shading tool only allows selection of z-values to 1 decimal place.
"list" will accept a list of comma-separated intervals like $answer="[2,3),(5,7)"

$scoremethod = "partialcredit"

By default, interval answers will be marked all right or all wrong. Setting $scoremethod = "partialcredit" will changing the scoring mode to give partial credit. (new assessment system only).

$ansprompt = string

A string that will be displayed in front of the input box. Example: $ansprompt="`x in`"

$answerboxsize = number

Determines the number of characters space provided for entry of an answer. Defaults to 20.

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the entry box in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to the text of the correct answer. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Calculated Interval

A student is asked to enter an interval notation answer. Example: (2,5]U(7,oo). Values can be entered as calculations rather than numbers, like [2/5,sqrt(8)]. Can use $answerformat="inequality" to require the student to use inequalities rather than interval notation.

Required Variables

$answer = a string with the answer in interval notation

Defines the answer. Join multiple intervals with U for union, and oo for infinity. Example: $answer = "(-oo,4]U(9/2,oo)". Use DNE for empty set. Multiple acceptable answers can be entered using "or". Example: $answer = "(3,3) or [3,3]".

Optional Variables

$answerformat = "fraction", "reducedfraction", "mixednumber", "scinot", "fracordec", "nodecimal", "notrig", "list", or "inequality"

Requires the each value in the answer to be a single fraction (like 10/6), a reduced fraction (like 5/3), a reduced mixed number (like 2_1/2), scientific notation (like 2.3*10^4), a single fraction or decimal, an answer without decimals (also disallows 10^-2 and 3E-2), or an answer without trig functions (sin,cos,tan,sec,csc,cot). Multiple options can be specified like $answerformat="nodecimal,notrig".
$answerformat = "inequality" will require the student to enter an inequality rather than an interval. The instructor answer must still be given in interval notation (it will be reformatted to an inequality automatically for the Show Answer). Use $variables="y" to change the variable of the inequality.
"list" will accept a list of comma-separated intervals like $answer="[2,3),(5,7)". Does not work with "inequality".

$reltolerance = a decimal value

Defines the largest relative error that will be accepted. If this is not set, a relative error of .001 (.1%) is used by default.

$abstolerance = a number

Defines the largest absolute error that will be accepted. This will override the use of $reltolerance

$reqdecimals = a number

Defines the decimal accuracy required (ie 2 for two decimal places). This will put a message in the answer tips stating the decimals required. If neither $abstolerance or $reltolerance is set, this will set the tolerance, otherwise the provided tolerance will be used (even if it doesn't agree with the $reqdecimal setting).

$scoremethod = "partialcredit"

By default, interval answers will be marked all right or all wrong. Setting $scoremethod = "partialcredit" will changing the scoring mode to give partial credit. Note that answers not meeting $answerformat requirements will have deductions in addition to correctness checks. (new assessment system only).

$ansprompt = string

A string that will be displayed in front of the input box. Example: $ansprompt="`x in`"

$answerboxsize = number

Determines the number of characters space provided for entry of an answer. Defaults to 20.

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the entry box in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to the text of the correct answer. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

$previewloc (In Question Text)

Where you want the preview button to be located. Defaults to after the entry box if not placed in question text.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Chemical Equation

A student is asked to enter a chemical formula, or use $answerformat="reaction" to ask for a reaction equation.

Required Variables

$answer = a string with the answer

Defines the answer, like "H_2O". Spaces are ignored. For reactions, use -> for a right arrow, and <-> for an equilibrium arrow, like "2H+O->H_2O".

Optional Variables

$answerformat = "reaction"

Use "reaction" if you're asking for a reaction equation.

$variables = a list of atoms

Define this to populate the equation editor with the specified atoms.

$answerboxsize = number

Determines the number of characters space provided for entry of an answer. Defaults to 20.

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the entry box in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to the text of the correct answer. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

Chemical Molecule Drawing

A student is asked to enter a sketch a molecule, using the Kekule drawing tool. If the student has enabled the keyboard-based drawing accessibility option, they will be presented with a textbox for them to write out a description instead.

Required Variables

$answer = "SMILES~~~CML"

Defines the answer, which includes the SMILES representation of the molecule, as well as the CML representation used for displaying the answer key. Use our answer generator to draw the answer and generate the $answer string. You can specify multiple acceptable answers separated by or, like "SMILES~~~CML or SMILES~~~CML"

Optional Variables

$displayformat (In Common Control)

Set to "condensed" to display the atom labels on the drawing.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the entry box in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available). Defaults to a drawing of the correct answer. Use this to substitute a detailed answer.

File Upload

A student is asked to upload a file. The file upload type is not automatically graded.

Required Variables

None - the file upload type is not computer graded.

Optional Variables

$scoremethod = "takeanything" or "takeanythingorblank"

Sets the problem to give full credit for any answer. The latter also counts blank answers as correct.

$answerformat = "images", "canpreview", or a list of file extensions

Set a list of preferred file formats for the file selector. "images" is a shorthand for .jpg,.gif,.png,.jpeg. "canpreview" is a shorthand for image files, office files, and pdfs, which can be previewed inline. If listing file extensions, provide a comma separated list with leading periods, like ".pdf,.docx,.doc"

$readerlabel = string

A string that will be used as a visually hidden label on the input box for screenreaders.

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox in the Question Text will place the file upload box in that location

$showanswer

The answer to show to students (if option if available).

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default. This should only be used when a question type is being used in an unintentional way, or if the question type gives away critical info to the student.

Code

The Code question type embeds a full code editor (CodeMirror 6) with sandboxed execution directly in the assessment. Students write, run, and test code in their browser. It supports six languages with different editor layouts, optional test cases, static code checks for auto-scoring, and AI-powered progressive hints.

Note: Code questions are designed for use as standalone questions. While the "code" type can technically be used within Multipart or Conditional questions, the full-featured editor with multiple panels works best as a dedicated question. For embedding syntax-highlighted code in any question’s text, see the Code Samples in Question Text section below.

Supported Languages

Required Variables

None — the code type uses manual grading by default. Set $scoremethod = "auto" with $codechecks for automatic scoring.

Optional Variables — Language & Editor

$codelanguage = "javascript" | "python" | "p5js" | "html" | "htmlcss" | "htmlcssjs"

Selects the programming language and editor layout. See the table above. Defaults to "javascript".

$answerboxsize = "width,height"

Editor dimensions in pixels. Defaults to "600,550". Can also specify height only (e.g., "400"). Minimum: 300 width, 200 height.

$p5canvassize = "width,height"

p5.js only. Canvas dimensions in pixels. Defaults to "400,400". Can specify a single number for a square canvas.

$instructions = "HTML string"

HTML-formatted instructions displayed above the editor area, inside the editor container. Useful for brief guidance that should appear close to the editor rather than in the question text.

Optional Variables — Starter Code

$startercode = "code string"

Initial code shown when the student opens the question. For single-file languages (javascript, python, p5js, html). Use \n for line breaks within the string.

$startercode_html = "HTML code"

HTML starter code for multi-file languages (htmlcss, htmlcssjs). Appears in the HTML tab/editor.

$startercode_css = "CSS code"

CSS starter code for multi-file languages (htmlcss, htmlcssjs). Appears in the CSS tab/editor.

$startercode_js = "JavaScript code"

JavaScript starter code for htmlcssjs only. Appears in the JS tab.

Optional Variables — Scoring

$scoremethod = "manual" | "auto" | "takeanything" | "takeanythingorblank"

• manual (default): Requires teacher grading. Non-blank submissions are flagged for review.
• auto: Automatically scores based on $codechecks and/or $codetests (when $codetestscoring = true). Score is the weighted ratio of passed checks and tests.
• takeanything: Full credit for any non-blank, non-starter submission.
• takeanythingorblank: Full credit for any submission, including blank.

Optional Variables — Test Cases

$codetests = JSON string

A JSON array of test case objects. Each object has "call" (the function call to execute), "expected" (the expected return value as a string), and an optional "weight" (numeric, default 1).
Example: $codetests = "[{\"call\":\"add(2,3)\",\"expected\":\"5\"},{\"call\":\"add(-1,1)\",\"expected\":\"0\",\"weight\":2}]"

$codevisibletests = JSON string

A JSON array of zero-based indices specifying which tests are visible to students. If not set, all tests are visible. Hidden tests still run when students click Run, but students only see the visible ones.
Example: $codevisibletests = "[0,1]" — shows only the first two tests, hides the rest.

$codetestscoring = true

When set, test results are included in the auto-score calculation. Tests execute client-side in the sandbox and results are submitted with the answer. If a student never clicks Run, all tests count as failed. The combined scoring formula is: score = (sum of passed check weights + passed test weights) / (sum of all check weights + all test weights)
Requires $scoremethod = "auto". Can be used together with code checks or on its own.

Optional Variables — Code Checks

Code checks perform static analysis of the student’s source code. They inspect the code text (not runtime output) and work with all languages. Code checks can serve as a feedback tool (with $showcodechecks) and/or as an auto-scoring source (with $codechecksscoring).

$codechecks = JSON string

A JSON array of check objects. Each check has a "type" and type-specific properties, plus optional "label" (custom display text) and "weight" (numeric, default 1). See the reference table below.

$codechecksscoring = true

When set, code checks are included in the auto-score calculation. Scoring formula: score = (sum of passed check weights) / (sum of all check weights)
Requires $scoremethod = "auto". Can be used together with test case scoring or on its own.

$showcodechecks = true

When true, displays a “Code Check Results” panel after submission showing which checks passed or failed with their labels. Helps students understand what they need to implement.

Code Check Types Reference

All check types support optional "label" (custom student-facing text) and "weight" (numeric, default 1). For multi-file languages, add "file": "html" (or "css", "js") to check only that file.

Optional Variables — AI Hints

Progressive AI-powered hints guide students toward the solution without giving the answer away. Hints automatically escalate from vague (early) to specific (later) based on the student’s progress.

$codeHintsEnabled = true

Enables the “Hint” button in the editor toolbar.

$codeHintsMax = number

Maximum hints per attempt (1–10). Defaults to 3.

$codeHintsQuestionPrompt = "text"

Custom context for this specific question, appended to the AI system instruction. Use this to guide the AI’s teaching strategy.
Example: $codeHintsQuestionPrompt = "Guide students toward using recursion. Do not reveal the base case until the final hint."

Optional Variables — Accessibility & Display

$readerlabel = string

Visually hidden label for screenreaders. Defaults to “Code editor.”

$answerbox (In Question Text)

Using the variable $answerbox or the shorthand [AB] in the Question Text will place the code editor in that location.

$showanswer

The answer to show to students. Defaults to generic text since code answers vary.

$hidetips = true

Hides the question entry tips that display by default.

The Code Settings Helper

When the question type is set to “Code,” a Code Settings Helper panel appears in the question editor. It provides a visual interface for all the settings above:

• Language dropdown
• Syntax-highlighted starter code editors (one per file for multi-file languages)
• Test case table with add/remove rows and visibility checkboxes
• Code check table with type selection, properties, labels, and weights
• Score method dropdown
• AI hints toggle with max hints and custom prompt fields

Click “Apply Settings to Code” to generate the Common Control code automatically. You never need to write the escaped JSON strings by hand.

Examples

Expand each example below to see a complete Common Control block for that language.

// ========================================
// Code Question Settings
// ========================================
$codelanguage = "javascript"
$scoremethod = "auto"
$startercode = "function factorial(n) {\n  // Write your code here\n\n}\n\n// Test it out:\nconsole.log(factorial(5)); // Should print 120"
$answerboxsize = "600,400"
$codetests = "[{\"call\":\"factorial(0)\",\"expected\":\"1\"},{\"call\":\"factorial(1)\",\"expected\":\"1\"},{\"call\":\"factorial(5)\",\"expected\":\"120\"},{\"call\":\"factorial(10)\",\"expected\":\"3628800\"}]"
$codevisibletests = "[0,1,2]"
$codechecks = "[{\"type\":\"contains_function\",\"name\":\"factorial\",\"label\":\"Defines factorial function\",\"weight\":1},{\"type\":\"not_contains\",\"keyword\":\"Math.\",\"label\":\"Implements without Math library\",\"weight\":0.5}]"
$showcodechecks = true
$codeHintsEnabled = true
$codeHintsMax = 3
// ======== End Code Settings ========

// ========================================
// Code Question Settings
// ========================================
$codelanguage = "python"
$scoremethod = "auto"
$startercode = "def is_palindrome(text):\n    # Write your code here\n    pass\n\n# Test it out:\nprint(is_palindrome('racecar'))  # Should print True\nprint(is_palindrome('hello'))    # Should print False"
$answerboxsize = "600,400"
$codetests = "[{\"call\":\"is_palindrome('racecar')\",\"expected\":\"True\"},{\"call\":\"is_palindrome('hello')\",\"expected\":\"False\"},{\"call\":\"is_palindrome('A man a plan a canal Panama')\",\"expected\":\"True\"}]"
$codevisibletests = "[0,1]"
$codechecks = "[{\"type\":\"contains_function\",\"name\":\"is_palindrome\"},{\"type\":\"contains_call\",\"name\":\".lower\",\"label\":\"Converts to lowercase\"},{\"type\":\"contains_call\",\"name\":\".replace\",\"label\":\"Removes spaces\"}]"
$showcodechecks = true
$codeHintsEnabled = true
$codeHintsMax = 5
$codeHintsQuestionPrompt = "Guide the student toward using .replace(' ', '') to remove spaces and .lower() to normalize case, then comparing the string to its reverse using slicing [::-1]. Do not reveal the slicing syntax until later hints."
// ======== End Code Settings ========

// ========================================
// Code Question Settings
// ========================================
$codelanguage = "p5js"
$scoremethod = "manual"
$p5canvassize = "500,500"
$answerboxsize = "900,600"
$startercode = "let allAliens = [];\nlet allBullets = [];\n\nfunction setup() {\n  createCanvas(500, 500);\n  allAliens.push(new Alien(20));\n  allAliens.push(new Alien(80));\n  allAliens.push(new Alien(140));\n}\n\nfunction draw() {\n  background(20, 20, 40);\n  for (let i = 0; i < allAliens.length; i++) {\n    allAliens[i].display();\n    allAliens[i].move();\n  }\n  // TODO: Add player display and movement here\n}\n\n// TODO: Create a Player class here\n\nclass Alien {\n  constructor(x) {\n    this.x = x;\n    this.y = 20;\n    this.w = 40;\n    this.h = 40;\n    this.speed = 2;\n    this.direction = 0;\n  }\n  display() {\n    fill(0, 0, 255);\n    rect(this.x, this.y, this.w, this.h, 15);\n  }\n  move() { /* alien movement logic */ }\n}"
$codeHintsEnabled = true
$codeHintsMax = 5
$codeHintsQuestionPrompt = "Guide students toward creating a Player class with constructor, display, and move methods. Use triangle() for the ship shape and keyIsDown(LEFT_ARROW)/keyIsDown(RIGHT_ARROW) for movement."
// ======== End Code Settings ========

// ========================================
// Code Question Settings
// ========================================
$codelanguage = "html"
$scoremethod = "takeanything"
$startercode = "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n  <title>My Page</title>\n</head>\n<body>\n  <h1>Hello World</h1>\n  <p>Add your content here.</p>\n</body>\n</html>"
$answerboxsize = "800,500"
// ======== End Code Settings ========

// ========================================
// Code Question Settings
// ========================================
$codelanguage = "htmlcss"
$scoremethod = "auto"
$startercode_html = "<div class=\"card\">\n  <h2>Card Title</h2>\n  <p>Card content goes here.</p>\n</div>"
$startercode_css = ".card {\n  /* Add your styles here */\n}"
$answerboxsize = "900,500"
$codechecks = "[{\"type\":\"contains_keyword\",\"keyword\":\"border-radius\",\"label\":\"Uses border-radius\",\"file\":\"css\"},{\"type\":\"contains_keyword\",\"keyword\":\"box-shadow\",\"label\":\"Uses box-shadow\",\"file\":\"css\"}]"
$showcodechecks = true
// ======== End Code Settings ========

// ========================================
// Code Question Settings
// ========================================
$codelanguage = "htmlcssjs"
$scoremethod = "manual"
$startercode_html = "<div class=\"component\" id=\"myComponent\">\n  <h2>My Component</h2>\n  <p>Replace this with your own content.</p>\n  <button id=\"actionBtn\">Click Me</button>\n</div>"
$startercode_css = "body {\n  display: flex;\n  justify-content: center;\n  align-items: center;\n  min-height: 100vh;\n  margin: 0;\n  background: #f5f5f5;\n  font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n}\n\n.component {\n  background: white;\n  border-radius: 8px;\n  padding: 20px;\n  max-width: 300px;\n  box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);\n}\n\n/* Add a hover effect below */"
$startercode_js = "// Add a click handler for the button\ndocument.getElementById('actionBtn').addEventListener('click', function() {\n  // Make something happen when clicked!\n\n});"
$answerboxsize = "900,500"
$codeHintsEnabled = true
$codeHintsMax = 3
// ======== End Code Settings ========

Code Samples in Question Text

Code Samples are syntax-highlighted code blocks that can be embedded in the question text of any question type — not just Code questions. They are inserted using the { } button in the TinyMCE toolbar when editing question text.

How to Insert a Code Sample

1. In the Question Text editor (TinyMCE), click the { } toolbar button.
2. Paste your code into the editor area in the dialog.
3. Configure the settings below.
4. Click Insert (or Update when editing).
5. To edit later: double-click the code block in the editor.

Code Sample Settings

Multipart

This type of question can contain multiple parts, where each part is one of the previous question types.

Required Variables

$anstypes = an array or list of answer types

Defines the answer type for each part. Example: $anstypes = array("number","number","choices")
Refer to this list for the short names of each question type:

• Number: "number"
• Calculated: "calculated"
• Multiple Choice: "choices"
• Multiple Answer: "multans"
• Matching: "matching"
• Function/expression: "numfunc"
• Drawing: "draw"
• N-tuple: "ntuple"
• Calculated N-tuple: "calcntuple"
• Matrix: "matrix"
• Calculated Matrix: "calcmatrix"
• Complex: "complex"
• Calculated Complex: "calccomplex"
• Interval: "interval"
• Calculated Interval: "calcinterval"
• Chemical Equation: "chemeqn"
• Chemical Molecule Drawing: "molecule"
• Essay: "essay"
• File Upload: "file"
• Code: "code"
• String: "string"

Note: The Writing and Code question types work best as standalone questions due to their complex editor interfaces. While “code” is technically available as a multipart sub-type, the full-featured code editor is most effective as a dedicated question. Use “essay” for basic text input parts.

Question part variables

For each question part, you will need to define the variables (like $answer, $questions, etc.) you would normally need to define. However, you will need to suffix the variable with a part designator. For example, based on $anstypes above, the first answer is a number. Instead of $answer = 5, enter $answer[0] = 5. This designates that this answer belongs to the first element of $anstypes. Likewise, to set the variables for the "numfunc" type, you'd set $variables[5] = "x".

$answerbox[partnum] (In Question Text)

The array $answerbox will contain the entry boxes for each answer type. In the question text, you will need to position these boxes within the question. For example: "Enter a number: $answerbox[0]. Now a function: $answerbox[1]". Alternatively, you can use [AB#]: "Enter a number: [AB0]. Now a function: [AB1]"

Optional Variables

$answeights = an array or list of weights for each question

By default the points for a problem are divided evenly over the parts. Use this option if you wish to weight parts differently. Example: $answeights = array(.2,.3,.5). Best practice is to use percents, but if other values are used, they will be converted to percents.

$scoremethod = "singlescore" or "allornothing"

Instead of recording individual scores for each question part, these will cause a single score to be recorded for the question. "singlescore" totals the individual part scores, while "allornothing" will only give full credit or no credit. If you need to specify per-part indexed scoremethod values as well, you can define this as the array value $scoremethod['whole'] instead.

Question part options

You can define any optional variable for each question part. Like above, suffix the variable with the part designator.

$showanswer

You can either define $showanswer for individual question parts (ie, $showanswer[1]="`x^2`"), or you can set one $showanswer, which will be the only answer shown for the problem (ie, $showanswer = "x=$answer[0], y=$answer[1]")

$showanswerloc (In Question Text)

Optionally, you can use $showanswerloc to place a single $showanswer "Show Answer" button, or $showanswerloc[part] to place "Show Answer" buttons for each part. You can also use short tags of the form [SAB] or [SABn] (like [SAB2]). Note that if you use this to place one Show Answer button, you must place all of them, or else the remainder will not show. Use $showanswerstyle = 'inline' to allow Show Answer to be placed inline with text rather than on its own line.

Scaffolding

Scaffolded questions, also know as Sequential Multipart questions, allow you to break a question up into chunks, where the second chunk only shows after the first chunk is correctly answered or the student runs out of tries. This allows you to use the answer to the first chunk in the second without "giving away" the answer, and allows a student who gets stuck on the first chunk to move on to the rest of the question.

Scaffolded questions are an extension of Multipart questions. To turn a multipart question into a scaffolded question, just add an isolated line with three or more slashes in the Question Text where you want the chunks broken apart.

An example: (in the Question Text)

To simplify $a(x+$b) + $c, first we need to distribute:

$a(x+$b) = $answerbox[0]

///

Next, combine like terms:

$a x + $ab + $c = $answerbox[1]

Conditional

Required Variables

$anstypes = an array or list of answer types

Defines the answer type for each part. Example: $anstypes = "number,number". See the Multipart help above for the list of short names

$answer = any of these:

• A boolean (true/false) expression: Something that evaluates to true or false.
  Example: $answer = ($a>3)
  Example: $answer = comparefunctions($f,'x^2') && ($a!=0)
• A single numerical value in the interval [0,1]: will award that percentage of the total possible points.
• array('function',$a,$b): Will compare the functions $a and $b and mark the question correct if they are equivalent. Can set $variables, $reltolerance, $abstolerance, and $domain as needed, like with Function type questions
• array('number',$a,$b): Will compare the numbers or numerical expressions $a and $b and mark the question correct if they are equivalent. Can set $reltolerance or $abstolerance as needed, like with Number/Calculated type questions
• Multiple comparisons: You can mix the two types above by creating an array of comparisons. All must be true for the question to be marked correct.
  Example: $answer = array($a>3, array('function',$b,c), array('number',evalfunc($b,$a),5))

Question part variables

For each question part, you will need to define the variables (like $questions, etc.) you would normally need to define, except you should not define an $answer. However, you will need to suffix the variable with a part designator. For example, based on $anstypes above, the first answer is a number. Instead of $displayformat = "select", enter $displayformat[0] = "select". This designates that this setting belongs to the first element of $anstypes.

$answerbox[partnum] (In Question Text)

The array $answerbox will contain the entry boxes for each answer type. In the question text, you will need to position these boxes within the question. For example: "Enter a number: $answerbox[0]. Now a function: $answerbox[5]"

Optional Variables

Question part options

You can define any optional variable for each question part. Like above, suffix the variable with the part designator. Note that $variables, $domain, $reltolerance, and $abstolerance may be used for the comparison, and should not be set for individual parts.

$showanswer

By default the $showanswer for conditional types is "Answers may vary". Set $showanswer to override this.

Scaffolding

While not as simple as scaffolding multipart questions, you can add scaffolding to a Conditional question. As with multipart, put an isolated line with three slashes in the question text to indicate where the breaks occur. Then you will need to set $seqPartDone[pn] to true for each part index once that part should be considered completed. The scaffolding will move onto the next chunk when all parts in the previous chunk have $seqPartDone set to true.